{"id":503,"date":"2024-02-23T11:49:18","date_gmt":"2024-02-23T11:49:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/?page_id=503"},"modified":"2025-01-07T19:44:03","modified_gmt":"2025-01-07T19:44:03","slug":"co-premysliet","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/co-premysliet\/","title":{"rendered":"ako u\u010di\u0165"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/\">jazyky hravo<\/a> &#8211; ako u\u010di\u0165<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ak sa die\u0165a v\u00a0pred\u0161kolskom a\u00a0mlad\u0161om \u0161kolskom veku u\u010d\u00ed jazyky inak ne\u017e dospel\u00fd, konkr\u00e9tne AKO by mala prebieha\u0165 v\u00fdu\u010dba jazykov t\u00fdchto det\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prvou podmienkou v\u00fdu\u010dby cudzieho jazyka preto je, aby sa u\u010dite\u013e det\u00ed v tomto veku dobre obozn\u00e1mil s procesmi <em><strong>prirodzen\u00e9ho rozvoja re\u010di <\/strong><\/em>die\u0165a\u0165a a re\u0161pektoval ho. Materinsk\u00fd jazyk si die\u0165a osvojuje postupne \u2013 najsk\u00f4r po\u010d\u00fava a potom hovor\u00ed. A\u017e po osvojen\u00ed si \u00fastnej formy komunik\u00e1cie (po\u010d\u00favanie a hovorenie) nasleduje osvojovanie p\u00edsomnej formy komunik\u00e1cie (\u010d\u00edtanie a p\u00edsanie). Mlad\u0161\u00edch \u017eiakov preto vyu\u010dujeme v s\u00falade s ich kognit\u00edvnym v\u00fdvinom a schopnos\u0165ou nar\u00e1ba\u0165 s cudz\u00edm jazykom \u2013 <strong><em>postupne<\/em>,<\/strong> tak, ako si osvojuj\u00fa materinsk\u00fd jazyk: 1. po\u010d\u00favanie, 2. rozvoj re\u010di, 3. \u010d\u00edtanie a p\u00edsanie (nie v 1. ro\u010dn\u00edku). U\u010dite\u013e by sa mal zamera\u0165 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na <strong><em>kvalitu<\/em><\/strong>, a nie na kvantitu, mno\u017estvo nau\u010den\u00fdch slov \u010di gramatick\u00fdch javov a pod. A to si vy\u017eaduje trpezliv\u00fa pr\u00e1cu so \u017eiakmi, rozlo\u017eenie u\u010diva do dlh\u0161ieho obdobia!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Celkov\u00fdm cie\u013eom <\/strong>cudzojazy\u010dnej v\u00fdu\u010dby je, aby \u017eiaci &#8222;dok\u00e1zali \u00faspe\u0161ne komunikova\u0165 v cie\u013eovom jazyku a realizova\u0165 svoj komunika\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1mer v ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch&#8220; (\u0160VP 2023). In\u00fdmi slovami, cie\u013eom je <strong>komunika\u010dn\u00e1 kompetencia<\/strong> v cudzom jazyku, ktor\u00e1 pozost\u00e1va z nasledovn\u00fdch kompetenci\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>jazykovej (zah\u0155\u0148a <strong>jazykov\u00e9 prostriedky<\/strong>:<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/slovnu-zasobu\/\">slovn\u00e1 z\u00e1soba<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/vyslovnost\/\">v\u00fdslovnos\u0165<\/a> a <a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/gramatiku\/\">gramatika<\/a>),<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pragmatickej (zah\u0155\u0148a <strong>komunika\u010dn\u00e9 funkcie<\/strong> jazyka &#8211; \u010do je vhodn\u00e9 poveda\u0165\/nap\u00edsa\u0165 k tej-ktorej t\u00e9me\/situ\u00e1cii),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sociolingv\u00e1lnej (obsahuje <a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/dorazom-na-rozmyslanie\/\"><strong>strat\u00e9gie<\/strong> <strong>u\u010denia sa<\/strong><\/a> cudzieho jazyka a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/interkulturne-povedomie\/\">interkult\u00farne povedomie<\/a><\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00e1to str\u00e1nka sa venuje tomu, ako u\u010di\u0165 <strong>jazykov\u00e9 prostriedky<\/strong> a <strong>komunika\u010dn\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 zru\u010dnosti.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uskuto\u010d\u0148ovanie tohto cie\u013ea sa deje zap\u00e1jan\u00edm \u017eiakov do<strong> komunika\u010dn\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00e1lokedy vyskytuj\u00fa osamote v prim\u00e1rnom vzdel\u00e1van\u00ed, preto ich vyu\u010dujeme integrovane:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>recepcia (<strong>po\u010d\u00favanie<\/strong> s porozumen\u00edm, <strong>\u010d\u00edtanie<\/strong> s porozumen\u00edm),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>produkcia (<strong>\u00fastny prejav &#8211; <\/strong>hovorenie, <strong>p\u00edsomn\u00fd prejav &#8211; <\/strong>p\u00edsanie), <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>interakcia (<strong>\u00fastna a p\u00edsomn\u00e1<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Nov\u00fd \u0160VP 2023 pre z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 vzdel\u00e1vanie predpoklad\u00e1 dosiahnutie komunika\u010dnej kompetencie: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1. cyklus: pred\u2010\u00farove\u0148 A1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2. cyklus: \u00farove\u0148 A1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>pod\u013ea Spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho eur\u00f3psky referen\u010dn\u00e9ho r\u00e1mca pre jazyky (tzv. <strong>SERR<\/strong>): u\u010denie sa, vyu\u010dovanie, hodnotenie. 2022. Dostupn\u00e9 na:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.statpedu.sk\/files\/sk\/vyskum\/publikacna-cinnost\/publikacie\/spolocny-europsky-ramec-jazyky-ucenie-vyucovanie-hodnotenie-doplnujuce-vydanie.pdf\">https:\/\/www.statpedu.sk\/files\/sk\/vyskum\/publikacna-cinnost\/publikacie\/spolocny-europsky-ramec-jazyky-ucenie-vyucovanie-hodnotenie-doplnujuce-vydanie.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ako pom\u00e1ha\u0165 \u017eiakom v mlad\u0161om \u0161kolskom veku nadobudn\u00fa\u0165 komunika\u010dn\u00fa kompetenciu v cudzom jazyku na po\u017eadovanej \u00farovni A1 (pod\u013ea SERR)<\/strong>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na t\u00fato n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fa ot\u00e1zku odpoved\u00e1 mno\u017estvo odborn\u00edkov v slovenskom aj zahrani\u010dnom kontexte. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm faktom, ktor\u00fd je v u\u010debnici akcentovan\u00fd, je poznanie, \u017ee deti v pred\u0161kolskom a mlad\u0161om \u0161kolskom veku sa u\u010dia cudzie jazyky inak ne\u017e dospel\u00ed. Ich osvojovanie si cudzieho jazyka prebieha podobne ako osvojovanie si materinsk\u00e9ho jazyka: hravo a zmysluplne. U\u010dia sa v hre v zmyslupln\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Optim\u00e1lne by sa mal u\u010dite\u013e jazyka sna\u017ei\u0165 pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 tomuto procesu aj v \u0161kolskom u\u010den\u00ed sa jazyka.<br>V \u010fal\u0161\u00edch podkapitol\u00e1ch pribli\u017eujeme, ako m\u00f4\u017eu prebieha\u0165 procesy hrav\u00e9ho a zmyslupln\u00e9ho u\u010denia sa. V \u00favode kapitoly pova\u017eujeme za nevyhnutn\u00e9 stru\u010dne uvies\u0165 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Osvojovanie si materinsk\u00e9ho aj cudzieho jazyka prebieha v piatich f\u00e1zach (<a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/kniznica-odbornej-literatury\/\">Strakov\u00e1, 2021<\/a>, s. 13-14)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>F\u00e1za tich\u00e9ho obdobia<\/strong>: \u017diak sa potrebuje bez n\u00e1tlaku adaptova\u0165 na nov\u00fd jazyk, osmeli\u0165 sa, a preto ho netreba n\u00fati\u0165 do vyjadrovania v cudzom jazyku. Je akt\u00edvny v \u010dinnostiach, \u010d\u00edm \u201enas\u00e1va\u201c in\u0161trukcie, jazyk u\u010dite\u013ea po\u010das hodiny, no s\u00e1m nemus\u00ed re\u010d produkova\u0165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>F\u00e1za jazykovej reprodukcie<\/strong>: Je to najdlh\u0161ia f\u00e1za v \u0161kolskom prostred\u00ed, v ktorej \u017eiak viac-menej len napodob\u0148uje re\u010d u\u010dite\u013ea alebo nejakej nahr\u00e1vky, resp. iba opisuje kr\u00e1tke texty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>F\u00e1za repro-produkt\u00edvneho jazyka<\/strong>: \u017diak napreduje v nacvi\u010dovan\u00ed zru\u010dnosti pod\u013ea vzoru u\u010dite\u013ea alebo nahr\u00e1vky \u010di textu, ale u\u017e je schopn\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v re\u010di aj viacero \u201evlastn\u00fdch obmien\u201c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>F\u00e1za ranej jazykovej produkcie<\/strong>: \u017diak sa osmel\u00ed a m\u00e1 dostatok jazykov\u00fdch znalost\u00ed, aby dok\u00e1zal produkova\u0165 jednoduch\u00fd vlastn\u00fd \u00fastny alebo p\u00edsomn\u00fd prejav. Treba po\u010d\u00edta\u0165 so zna\u010dn\u00fdm po\u010dtom ch\u00fdb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>F\u00e1za jazykovej produkcie<\/strong>: \u017diak (zvy\u010dajne nad 10 rokov) u\u017e dok\u00e1\u017ee tvori\u0165 s\u00favislej\u0161\u00ed text, napr\u00edklad opis obr\u00e1zka, z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148ova\u0165 sa na rozhovore.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jazykov\u00e9 prvky (lexika, gramatika, v\u00fdslovnos\u0165) u\u010d\u00ed u\u010dite\u013e postupne v troch krokoch (<a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/kniznica-odbornej-literatury\/\">Pokriv\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1, 2020<\/a>, s. 45)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prv\u00fd krok urob\u00ed u\u010dite\u013e: poskytne \u017eiakom <strong>input<\/strong> (ide o jazyk, ktor\u00fdm sa \u017eiakom prihov\u00e1ra, vr\u00e1tane pr\u00edbehu, piesne, r\u00fdmova\u010dky). Jazyk u\u010dite\u013ea obsahuje nov\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 prvky, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00e1 \u017eiak nau\u010di\u0165 (nov\u00e9 slovo, jeho spr\u00e1vnu v\u00fdslovnos\u0165 alebo nov\u00fa gramatick\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru). V \u0161kolskom prostred\u00ed mus\u00ed u\u010dite\u013e dba\u0165 na zrozumite\u013enos\u0165, jednoduchos\u0165 inputu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Druh\u00fd krok urobia \u017eiaci: po ur\u010ditom \u010dase vystavenia \u017eiakov nov\u00e9mu jazykov\u00e9mu prvku dok\u00e1\u017eu \u017eiaci zopakova\u0165 a produkova\u0165 vlastn\u00fd jazyk (<strong>output<\/strong>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tret\u00ed krok rob\u00ed u\u010dite\u013e: d\u00e1va <strong>sp\u00e4tn\u00fa v\u00e4zbu<\/strong>, ktor\u00fa poskytuje \u017eiakovi, aby ho ubezpe\u010dil, \u017ee sa nov\u00e9 u\u010divo dobre nau\u010dil<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Komunika\u010dn\u00e9 zru\u010dnosti si \u017eiaci rozv\u00edjaj\u00fa tie\u017e v troch krokoch (<a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/kniznica-odbornej-literatury\/\">Pokriv\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1, 2020, s. 49<\/a>):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pr\u00edprava<\/strong> (napr\u00edklad pred\u010d\u00edtanie, predpo\u010d\u00favanie);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Priebeh<\/strong> danej komunika\u010dnej \u010dinnosti (po\u010d\u00favanie, \u010d\u00edtanie);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Aktivity po<\/strong> \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed \u010di po\u010d\u00favan\u00ed, hovoren\u00ed alebo p\u00edsan\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00dastne zru\u010dnosti <\/strong>(hovorenie) si \u017eiaci rozv\u00edjaj\u00fa op\u00e4\u0165 postupne, v troch krokoch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Najsk\u00f4r u\u010dite\u013e vedie \u017eiakov cez n\u00edm <strong>\u00faplne riaden\u00e9<\/strong> (controlled) aktivity (dril, opakovanie);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potom u\u010dite\u013e vedie \u017eiakov cez n\u00edm <strong>menej riaden\u00e9, tzv. sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9<\/strong> (semi-controlled) aktivity (prerozpr\u00e1vanie pr\u00edbehu, rozpr\u00e1vanie o obr\u00e1zku);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Napokon u\u010dite\u013e vytv\u00e1ra \u017eiakom priestor na <strong>vo\u013en\u00e9 (free) aktivity<\/strong>, v ktor\u00fdch \u017eiaci u\u017e vo\u013ene konverzuj\u00fa alebo tvoria vlastn\u00fd pr\u00edbeh (tamtie\u017e, s. 51).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u0161etko n\u00e1jdete v u\u010debnici: <a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jazyky_hravo_a_zmysluplne_ONLINE.pdf\">https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jazyky_hravo_a_zmysluplne_ONLINE.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/jazyky-inkluzivne\/\">Predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/pocuvanie-a-hovorenie\/\">\u010eal\u0161\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>jazyky hravo &#8211; ako u\u010di\u0165 Ak sa die\u0165a v\u00a0pred\u0161kolskom a\u00a0mlad\u0161om \u0161kolskom veku u\u010d\u00ed jazyky inak ne\u017e dospel\u00fd, konkr\u00e9tne AKO by mala prebieha\u0165 v\u00fdu\u010dba jazykov t\u00fdchto det\u00ed? Prvou podmienkou v\u00fdu\u010dby cudzieho jazyka preto je, aby sa u\u010dite\u013e det\u00ed v tomto veku dobre obozn\u00e1mil s procesmi prirodzen\u00e9ho rozvoja re\u010di die\u0165a\u0165a a re\u0161pektoval ho. Materinsk\u00fd jazyk si die\u0165a&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/co-premysliet\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">ako u\u010di\u0165<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-503","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/503","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=503"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/503\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2357,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/503\/revisions\/2357"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=503"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}