{"id":868,"date":"2024-09-23T06:18:36","date_gmt":"2024-09-23T06:18:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/?page_id=868"},"modified":"2025-01-07T19:47:56","modified_gmt":"2025-01-07T19:47:56","slug":"na-urovni-pismen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/na-urovni-pismen\/","title":{"rendered":"na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

jazyky hravo<\/a> \u2013 ako u\u010di\u0165<\/a> – \u010d\u00edtanie a p\u00edsanie<\/a> – na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e1 f\u00e1za n\u00e1cviku \u010d\u00edtania a p\u00edsania \u2013 na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen<\/strong> \u2013 poskytne \u017eiakom ur\u010dit\u00e9 oporn\u00e9 body<\/strong>, aby si \u017eiaci dok\u00e1zali osvoji\u0165 v\u00fdslovnos\u0165 aj z\u00e1pis vysloven\u00e9ho slova. Pom\u00f4\u017ee im priradi\u0165 hl\u00e1sku k p\u00edsmenu, k jeho p\u00edsanej aj tla\u010denej verzii. P\u00edsmeno si m\u00f4\u017eu vizualizova\u0165 nejak\u00fdm obr\u00e1zkom alebo fyzick\u00fdm pohybom, ktor\u00e9 ho zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje (Lojov\u00e1, Strakov\u00e1, 2012<\/a>, s. 184) \u2013 pozri aktivity ni\u017e\u0161ie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K prv\u00fdm aktivit\u00e1m patria hry s p\u00edsmenami<\/strong> (B\u00e9re\u0161ov\u00e1, 2016<\/a>, s. 58). Najsk\u00f4r \u017eiaci len kop\u00edruj\u00fa, vyh\u013ead\u00e1vaj\u00fa a p\u00ed\u0161u p\u00edsmen\u00e1. U\u010dite\u013e m\u00f4\u017ee zad\u00e1va\u0165 mno\u017estvo aktiv\u00edt, v ktor\u00fdch sa s p\u00edsmenami hraj\u00fa, kombinuj\u00fa ich a postupne vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa slov\u00e1. V podstate na za\u010diatku nevedia e\u0161te pravidl\u00e1 pravopisu, ale p\u00edsanie nadv\u00e4zuje na ich znalosti \u010d\u00edtania hl\u00e1sok (phonics). Za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa v\u0161ak mechanicky p\u00edsan\u00edm p\u00edsmen a ich sp\u00e1jan\u00edm do slov. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby sa p\u00edsmen\u00e1 u\u010dili z\u00e1rove\u0148 s ich znen\u00edm (zvukom).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee u\u017e na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen m\u00f4\u017eu \u017eiaci vykon\u00e1va\u0165 hrav\u00e9, zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 komplexn\u00e9, myslenie rozv\u00edjaj\u00face \u00falohy<\/strong>. Tu naozaj nemysl\u00edme len odpisovanie jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00edsmen, hoci aj v tejto oblasti sa niektor\u00ed u\u010ditelia tr\u00e1pia t\u00fdm, ako nau\u010di\u0165 deti in\u00fd font (typ p\u00edsma). To je ot\u00e1zka dohody v \u0161kolskom t\u00edme, pr\u00edp. s rodi\u010dmi (k\u013eudne deti m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 be\u017en\u00e9 p\u00edsmo ako na in\u00fdch predmetoch). Existuje mnoho tvoriv\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov, ktor\u00fdmi mo\u017eno napodob\u0148ova\u0165 proces u\u010denia sa \u010d\u00edta\u0165 a p\u00edsa\u0165 v materinskom jazyku (po jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00edsmen\u00e1ch \u2013 deti za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00fa rozozn\u00e1va\u0165 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 svojho mena, poz\u00edciu p\u00edsmena v slove \u010di n\u00e1pisoch, s ktor\u00fdmi sa stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa v r\u00f4znych \u017eivotn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch: ZOO, PIZZA, McDonald\u2019s).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napr\u00edklad u\u010dite\u013e nakresl\u00ed na tabu\u013eu jednu zvisl\u00fa a jednu vodorovn\u00fa \u010diaru, potom zastane a sp\u00fdta sa: \u201e\u010co mysl\u00edte, \u017eiaci, ktor\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno idem nap\u00edsa\u0165?\u201c \u017diaci tak m\u00f4\u017eu uv\u00e1dza\u0165 viac mo\u017enost\u00ed (ak v angli\u010dtine u\u017e vedia abecedu, m\u00f4\u017eu p\u00edsmen\u00e1 hl\u00e1skova\u0165, \u010di\u017ee \u201espelova\u0165\u201c), napr\u00edklad: T, H, E, F, L at\u010f. Toto v\u0161etko je ve\u013emi vz\u00e1cna komunik\u00e1cia, hlavne v angli\u010dtine, v ktorej sa treba nau\u010di\u0165 pomenovanie (hl\u00e1skovanie) jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00edsmen odli\u0161ne od sloven\u010diny. Alebo ke\u010f u\u010dite\u013e za\u010dne kresli\u0165 kruh, tak ako odpovede \u017eiakov pripadaj\u00fa do \u00favahy \u010fal\u0161ie mo\u017enosti. M\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 napr\u00edklad o p\u00edsmen\u00e1 C, O, Q alebo G. E\u0161te viac motivuje \u017eiakov to, ke\u010f m\u00f4\u017eu prevzia\u0165 funkciu u\u010dite\u013ea a podobn\u00e9 \u00falohy m\u00f4\u017eu d\u00e1va\u0165 svojim spolu\u017eiakom. \u017diaci sa dostan\u00fa k rie\u0161eniam tak, \u017ee za\u010dn\u00fa rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 o procese p\u00edsania. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa napr\u00edklad h\u00e1danie (guessing) a potom overovanie spr\u00e1vnosti svojich hypot\u00e9z. Lingvistick\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda tohto procesu spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee p\u00edsmeno sa pomenuje v cudzom jazyku a osvoj\u00ed sa jeho spr\u00e1vna v\u00fdslovnos\u0165. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee sa to deje nie v abecednom, ale poprehadzovanom porad\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm si \u017eiaci lep\u0161ie zapam\u00e4taj\u00fa v\u00fdslovnos\u0165 hl\u00e1sok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zru\u010dnos\u0165 prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eania na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen mo\u017eno podpori\u0165 aj pohybom, fyzickou \u010dinnos\u0165ou<\/strong>. Napr\u00edklad u\u010dite\u013e postav\u00ed \u017eiakov do dvoch radov. Potom prstom nap\u00ed\u0161e na chrb\u00e1t posledn\u00fdch \u017eiakov v oboch radoch jedno p\u00edsmeno. N\u00e1sledne t\u00edto \u017eiaci nap\u00ed\u0161u na chrb\u00e1t spolu\u017eiakom stojacich pred nimi, ak\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno \u201evn\u00edmali\u201c, ke\u010f im u\u010dite\u013e nap\u00edsal na chrb\u00e1t. Vyhr\u00e1va t\u00e1 skupina, ktor\u00e1 sk\u00f4r nap\u00ed\u0161e na tabu\u013eu a spr\u00e1vne vyslov\u00ed to p\u00edsmeno, ktor\u00e9 bolo u\u010dite\u013eom nap\u00edsan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u0161te n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161iu kooper\u00e1ciu si vy\u017eaduje tak\u00e1 \u00faloha, po\u010das ktorej 3-4 \u017eiaci tvoria jednu skupinu. \u00dalohou je, aby sa postavili a svojimi \u010das\u0165ami tela spolu vytvorili nejak\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno. Napr\u00edklad \u0161tyria \u017eiaci utvoria kruh, kde jeden z nich trochu zdvihne \u013eav\u00fa nohu, a takto utvoria p\u00edsmeno Q namiesto p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho O. Spolu\u017eiaci z ostatn\u00fdch skup\u00edn musia uh\u00e1dnu\u0165 toto \u201e\u017eiv\u00e9\u201c p\u00edsmeno. Po\u010das prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eania, ako by bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvori\u0165 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 Y, H alebo W, prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa hodnotn\u00fdm procesom spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1novania, pri ktorom sa u\u010dia orient\u00e1cii v priestorov\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch a kde aj matematick\u00e1 gramotnos\u0165 dostane svoje miesto (napr\u00edklad ko\u013eko \u013eud\u00ed a ko\u013eko \u010dast\u00ed tela je potrebn\u00fdch, aby vedeli vytvori\u0165 dan\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno). Popri jazykov\u00fdch zru\u010dnostiach si z\u00e1rove\u0148 rozv\u00edjaj\u00fa aj soci\u00e1lne spoluc\u00edtenie. V tak\u00fdchto \u00faloh\u00e1ch toti\u017e \u017eiak re\u00e1lne pre\u017e\u00edva \u201espolupatri\u010dnos\u0165\u201c s t\u00fdmi, s ktor\u00fdmi sa mu podarilo vytvori\u0165 p\u00edsmeno V. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u00faloha je z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj hra, \u010di\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee \u017eiaci sa u\u010dia p\u00edsa\u0165 v r\u00e1mci pl\u00e1novanej hrovej \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aj n\u00e1cvik \u010d\u00edtania <\/strong>(percepcie textu) sa m\u00f4\u017ee realizova\u0165 na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen. Napr\u00edklad \u017eiaci zdvihn\u00fa nad hlavu u\u0161it\u00e9 a vatou vypchat\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1, dot\u00fdkaj\u00fa sa ich ( aj poslepia\u010dky) a musia poveda\u0165, ak\u00e9 je to p\u00edsmeno. \u010eal\u0161ia forma pozn\u00e1vania pomocou percepcie je, ke\u010f \u017eiaci vyformuj\u00fa mal\u00e9 a ve\u013ek\u00e9 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 z plastel\u00edny a urobia z toho \u201ev\u00fdstavu\u201c tak, \u017ee ich predstavia. Napr\u00edklad: Toto je ve\u013ek\u00e9 \u010derven\u00e9 E, toto je mal\u00e9 zelen\u00e9 k at\u010f. Aj u\u010dite\u013e m\u00f4\u017ee da\u0165 in\u0161trukcie, napr\u00edklad: Uk\u00e1\u017e na \u017elt\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 F, zdvihni mal\u00e9 modr\u00e9 p at\u010f. V\u00fdu\u010dbu p\u00edsmen nakoniec m\u00f4\u017eeme uzatvori\u0165 hrou BINGO, ktor\u00fa maj\u00fa \u017eiaci be\u017ene ve\u013emi radi. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017eiak si urob\u00ed tabu\u013eku na bingo a do \u0161tvorcov rozh\u00e1dzane nap\u00ed\u0161e p\u00edsmen\u00e1 abecedy, nie v porad\u00ed. U\u010dite\u013e za\u010dne vymenov\u00e1va\u0165 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 a ke\u010f sa dan\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno sa nach\u00e1dza na tabu\u013eke \u017eiaka, \u017eiak si ho ozna\u010d\u00ed x-kom. Pod\u013ea pravidiel hry vyhr\u00e1 ten, kto m\u00e1 ozna\u010den\u00e9 tri polia, bu\u010f vodorovne, alebo zvisle, a zakri\u010d\u00ed: \u201eBingo!\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

jazyky hravo \u2013 ako u\u010di\u0165 – \u010d\u00edtanie a p\u00edsanie – na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen Po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e1 f\u00e1za n\u00e1cviku \u010d\u00edtania a p\u00edsania \u2013 na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen \u2013 poskytne \u017eiakom ur\u010dit\u00e9 oporn\u00e9 body, aby si \u017eiaci dok\u00e1zali osvoji\u0165 v\u00fdslovnos\u0165 aj z\u00e1pis vysloven\u00e9ho slova. Pom\u00f4\u017ee im priradi\u0165 hl\u00e1sku k p\u00edsmenu, k jeho p\u00edsanej aj tla\u010denej verzii. P\u00edsmeno si m\u00f4\u017eu vizualizova\u0165… \u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac »na \u00farovni p\u00edsmen<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-868","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/868","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=868"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/868\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2360,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/868\/revisions\/2360"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}