{"id":960,"date":"2024-09-25T05:26:57","date_gmt":"2024-09-25T05:26:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/?page_id=960"},"modified":"2024-11-25T12:54:16","modified_gmt":"2024-11-25T12:54:16","slug":"v-komunikacii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/v-komunikacii\/","title":{"rendered":"v komunik\u00e1cii"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

jazyky hravo<\/a> \u2013 ako u\u010di\u0165<\/a> \u2013 gramatiku<\/a> – v komunik\u00e1cii<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die\u0165a si cudz\u00ed jazyk osvojuje priamymi komunika\u010dn\u00fdmi zru\u010dnos\u0165ami <\/strong>v r\u00f4znych re\u00e1lnych \u010di simulovan\u00fdch konverza\u010dn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Die\u0165a sa jazyk \u201enebifl\u00ed\u201c, preva\u017euje u neho n\u00e1zorn\u00e9 myslenie, preto nedok\u00e1\u017ee porozumie\u0165 abstraktn\u00fdm defin\u00edci\u00e1m, resp. vysvet\u013eovaniu o jazyku.<\/strong> Detsk\u00e9 myslenie spo\u010d\u00edva v rie\u0161en\u00ed konkr\u00e9tnych situ\u00e1ci\u00ed a probl\u00e9mov, nie je schopn\u00e9 rozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 abstraktne. Zdrojom pozn\u00e1vania die\u0165a\u0165a s\u00fa teda jeho zmysly, zmyslov\u00e9 pozn\u00e1vanie sveta (Lojov\u00e1, 2015<\/a>). Vn\u00edmanie sveta de\u0165mi je holistick\u00e9, \u201ea preto \u017eiaci neodde\u013euj\u00fa gramatiku od slov, vety vn\u00edmaj\u00fa ako funk\u010dn\u00e9 celky, nezauj\u00edma ich vysvetlenie pr\u00ed\u010din lingvistick\u00fdch javov, no pr\u00e1ve naopak, intuit\u00edvne odhaduj\u00fa v\u00fdznam z kontextu, a preto je \u017eiaduce pri vyu\u010dovan\u00ed gramatick\u00fdch javov vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 zmysluplnos\u0165, relevantnos\u0165 a kontext\u201c (Lojov\u00e1, Strakov\u00e1, 2012). Mlad\u0161\u00ed \u017eiaci sa vedia \u013eahko u\u010di\u0165 memorovan\u00edm toho, \u010do si viackr\u00e1t vypo\u010duj\u00fa; ich dominantnou pam\u00e4\u0165ou je kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 pam\u00e4\u0165, preto treba u\u010divo opakova\u0165. Ich pam\u00e4\u0165 je konkr\u00e9tna a emocion\u00e1lna, a preto by mali ma\u0165 pozit\u00edvne emocion\u00e1lne z\u00e1\u017eitky aj pri u\u010den\u00ed sa gramatiky. Preto plat\u00ed: V detskom veku nemo\u017eno realizova\u0165 form\u00e1lnu v\u00fdu\u010dbu gramatiky, ale treba ma\u0165 na zreteli, \u017ee zvedavos\u0165 die\u0165a\u0165a je potrebn\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165 na objavovanie jazyka n\u00edm samotn\u00fdm (Krashen, 1982<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 odborn\u00ed\u010dka na v\u00fdu\u010dbu jazyka Cameronov\u00e1 (2005)<\/a> presadzovala n\u00e1zor, \u017ee hoci u\u010denie sa gramatiky jazyka sa deje cez vytv\u00e1ranie si vlastn\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z de\u0165mi a cez ich testovanie, aj tak m\u00e1 gramatika svoje miesto vo v\u00fdu\u010dbe gramatiky v ranom veku. Navrhla zlat\u00fa stredn\u00fa cestu. Pod\u013ea nej deti do 9-10 rokov gramatiku nevyu\u010dujeme explicitn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, ale na druhej strane je u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 a potrebn\u00e9, ke\u010f si u\u010dite\u013e vedome pripravuje na hodinu gramatick\u00e9 javy, s ktor\u00fdmi bude postupne \u017eiakov oboznamova\u0165. Pou\u017eije na to r\u00f4zne met\u00f3dy ich fixovania v pam\u00e4ti \u017eiakov. V\u00fdu\u010dba gramatiky je ve\u013emi citliv\u00e1 t\u00e9ma. U\u010dite\u013e mus\u00ed n\u00e1js\u0165 rovnov\u00e1hu medzi t\u00fdm, \u010do vie o syst\u00e9me jazyka on a \u010do m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam pre \u017eiakov. \u010co by mali \u017eiaci z gramatiky vedie\u0165 a ako postupova\u0165 vo v\u00fdu\u010dbe gramatick\u00fdch \u0161trukt\u00far? (Moon, Jarvis, 1991<\/a>, s. 39). Rie\u0161en\u00edm pre u\u010dite\u013ea mlad\u0161\u00edch \u017eiakov je komunikat\u00edvny sp\u00f4sob v\u00fdu\u010dby gramatiky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pri v\u00fdu\u010dbe gramatiky mlad\u0161\u00edch \u017eiakov je nevyhnutn\u00e9 dodr\u017ea\u0165 postupy, adekv\u00e1tne veku det\u00ed. V ranom veku (v matersk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch) je v\u00fdu\u010dba gramatiky indirekt\u00edvna alebo nepriama (die\u0165a si osvojuje gramatiku v kontexte, nadob\u00fada poznatky o gramatick\u00fdch pravidl\u00e1ch a schopnos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 tieto poznatky v komunik\u00e1cii \u2013 v Johnsonovom modeli v\u00fdu\u010dby jazykov ide o tzv. procedur\u00e1lne poznatky PRO (Johnson, 1996<\/a>; Lojov\u00e1, 2010<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gramatika sa teda nem\u00e1 u\u010di\u0165 samostatne, <\/strong>ako hlavn\u00fd cie\u013e hodiny, ale v r\u00e1mci preberanej t\u00e9my a rie\u0161en\u00edm probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch <\/strong>\u00faloh. Pri snahe vyrie\u0161i\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00fa z\u00e1hadu s\u00e1m \u017eiak pr\u00edde na to, ako a ak\u00e9 gramatick\u00e9 formy m\u00e1 pou\u017ei\u0165 (Ellis, 2001<\/a>). Deti si osvojuj\u00fa materinsk\u00fd jazyk cez cielen\u00fa interakciu s druh\u00fdmi komunikuj\u00facimi. Po\u010das tohto procesu robia r\u00f4zne neuvedomel\u00e9 \u00fakony, napr\u00edklad vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa si vlastn\u00e9 odhady \u010di hypot\u00e9zy o fungovan\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch gramatick\u00fdch \u0161trukt\u00far. Ide o prirodzen\u00fd proces osvojovania si cudzieho jazyka, podobn\u00fd osvojovaniu si materinsk\u00e9ho jazyka, najm\u00e4 ak sa die\u0165a u\u010d\u00ed v kontexte bohatom na cudzojazy\u010dn\u00fd input.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mlad\u0161\u00ed \u017eiaci sa u\u010dia gramatiku jazyka inak ne\u017e star\u0161ie vekov\u00e9 kateg\u00f3rie:
\u2022 napo\u010d\u00favaj\u00fa spr\u00e1vne gramatick\u00e9 javy na hodin\u00e1ch v r\u00e1mci u\u010dite\u013eov\u00fdch in\u0161trukci\u00ed \u010di nahr\u00e1vok;
\u2022 v modelov\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch opakovane pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa a akt\u00edvne, zmysluplne si precvi\u010duj\u00fa gramatick\u00e9 javy spolu s nov\u00fdmi slov\u00ed\u010dkami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f4razne sa to vz\u0165ahuje na v\u00fdu\u010dbu mlad\u0161\u00edch det\u00ed (od cca 9.-10. roku \u017eivota). In\u00fdmi slovami, u\u010dite\u013e neza\u010dne u\u010di\u0165 gramatiku vysvetlen\u00edm gramatick\u00fdch pravidiel (tzv. deklarat\u00edvnymi poznatkami DEC \u2013 defin\u00edcie gramatick\u00fdch pravidiel), ale vych\u00e1dza zo \u017eivej interakcie s de\u0165mi, z r\u00f4znych komunika\u010dn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 prinesie ako input na hodinu bu\u010f on, alebo aj \u017eiaci (PRO).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

jazyky hravo \u2013 ako u\u010di\u0165 \u2013 gramatiku – v komunik\u00e1cii Die\u0165a si cudz\u00ed jazyk osvojuje priamymi komunika\u010dn\u00fdmi zru\u010dnos\u0165ami v r\u00f4znych re\u00e1lnych \u010di simulovan\u00fdch konverza\u010dn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Die\u0165a sa jazyk \u201enebifl\u00ed\u201c, preva\u017euje u neho n\u00e1zorn\u00e9 myslenie, preto nedok\u00e1\u017ee porozumie\u0165 abstraktn\u00fdm defin\u00edci\u00e1m, resp. vysvet\u013eovaniu o jazyku. Detsk\u00e9 myslenie spo\u010d\u00edva v rie\u0161en\u00ed konkr\u00e9tnych situ\u00e1ci\u00ed a probl\u00e9mov, nie je schopn\u00e9… \u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac »v komunik\u00e1cii<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-960","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=960"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/960\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2167,"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/960\/revisions\/2167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jazykyhravo.umb.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}